Arabic language by countries

I learned today that Arabic is the official language in these countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq (with Kurdish language), Israel (with Hebrew language), Jordon, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen.

Although not its official language, Arabic is the liturgical language used by Muslims in these countries: Afghanistan, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey. I think liturgical language means a language that is used for religious and arts purposes. I wonder why the source that I got this information from did not include Malaysia.

Understanding word order

Although one of my favorite topics is word order, I have a lot of problems understanding word order. Let's see:

Look at the sentences below:

1. هَذَا رَجُلٌ This is a man.
2. هَذِهِ بَطَّةٌ This is a duck.

Notice that the word هَذَا comes before رَجُلٌ and the word هَذِهِ comes before بَطَّةٌ? I guess it can be concluded that in nominal sentences like these, the pronoun must come before the noun and not the other way around.

Asking, "How are you?"

How are you?

1. Asking a male = كَيْفَ حَالُكَ؟ kaifa haaluka?
2. Asking a female = كَيْفَ حَالُكِ؟ kaifa haaluki?

I'm fine, thank you = أَنَا بِخَيْر, شُكْرًا anaa bikhair, shukran

And you?

1. Asking a male = وَ أَنْتَ wa anta?
2. Asking a female = وَ أَنْتِ wa anti?

Greetings

I always believe that learning too much grammar slows down the process of learning how to converse. So, its about time I learn how to converse in Arabic. Here goes:

Saying Welcoming hello
Welcoming hello = أَهْلًا وَ سَهْلًا ahlan wa sahlan or just أَهْلًا ahlan meaning hello

Welcome hello response = أَهْلًا بِيْك ahlan biik

Welcoming hello = مَرْحَبًا marHaban (in short this is just a hello)

Welcoming hello response = مَرْحَبًا بِيْك marHaban biik

Indeclinable Word الْكَلْمَةُ الْمَبْنِيَّةُ

As learned in previous posts, the last letter (or huruf) of an Arabic word takes different vowel based on different cases, as follows:

1. nominative (or subjective) = dammah/dammatain, e.g كِتَابٌ
2. accusative (or objective) = fathah/fathatain, e.g كِتَابَ
3. genitive (or possessive) = kasrah/kasratain, e.g كِتَابٍ

Also, the vowel of the last huruf indicates that the word is either of the two shown below:

1. indefinite article, e.g كِتَابٌ
2. definite article, e.g الْكِتَابُ

Understanding sentences

Today I learned about constructing, or rather understanding, sentences. This lesson is about identifying the components of the subject or predicate of a sentence. For example, a subject can be a noun, noun phrase, pronoun, etc. The colors are subject and predicate:

1. الْوَلَدُ مِصْرِي The boy is Egyptian. (noun, adjective)
2. إِسْمُ الْبِنْتِ آمِنَةٌ The girl's name is Aminah. (noun phrase [genetive construction], noun)
3. هُيَ صَغِيْرٌ He is small. (pronoun, adjective)

Future tense for فعل form

The Arabic future tense for the فعل form is conjugated the same way as the present tense while adding سَ or سَوْفَ at the beginning of the verb. There is no difference in meaning between سَ  and سَوْفَ. They both mean 'very soon'.

Singular

1. سَيَقْعَلُ he will do
2. سَوْفَ تَفْعَلُ she will do

Present tense for فعل form

The Arabic present tense for tri-lettered verb may also be conjugated similar ways as the past tense since they are derived from the فعل form, as follows:

Singular

1. يَقْعَلُ he is doing
2. تَفْعَلُ she is doing
3. تَفْعَلُ you are doing (masculine)

Root verb فعل conjugation

Alright then, let's see what happens when the root form فعل to do is conjugated.
Singular

1. فَعَلَ he did
2. فَعَلَتْ she did
3. فَعَلْتَ you did (masculine)
4. فَعَلْتِ you did (feminine)
5. فَعَلْتُ I did

Root form فعل

In previous post I said that the root verb is based on the فَعَلَ form. Actually, it is not really فَعَلَ but rather فعل, meaning that only the consonants really matter (as a form). Why is this so? Because the middle consonant in tri-lettered Arabic verbs can be fathah, kasrah or dhammah while the first and last consonants are fathah only. Examples shown below:

Verbs with middle consonant a fathah

1. كَتَبَ to write